Julius Robert Oppenheimer(April 22, 1904 Ð February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is among the persons who are often called the 'father of the atomic bomb' for their role in the Manhattan Project, the World War II project that developed the first nuclear weapons. The first atomic bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945, in the Trinity test in New Mexico; Oppenheimer remarked later that it brought to mind words from the Bha
Cover Julius Robert Oppenheimer(April 22, 1904 Ð February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is among the persons who are often called the 'father of the atomic bomb' for their role in the Manhattan Project, the World War II project that developed the first nuclear weapons. The first atomic bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945, in the Trinity test in New Mexico; Oppenheimer remarked later that it brought to mind words from the Bhag
Julius Robert Oppenheimer(April 22, 1904 Ð February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is among the persons who are often called the 'father of the atomic bomb' for their role in the Manhattan Project, the World War II project that developed the first nuclear weapons. The first atomic bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945, in the Trinity test in New Mexico; Oppenheimer remarked later that it brought to mind words from the Bha

在科學史的演變中,朱利葉斯·羅伯特·奧本海默(Julius Robert Oppenheimer)是備受爭議的一位科學家,他發明原子彈被用於轟炸日本廣島與長崎,這使他飽受罵名。

這個世界上聰明的人很多,但將聰明用在對的地方的人卻不一定成正比。就「原子彈之父」朱利葉斯·羅伯特·奧本海默來說,他確實為科學寫下了新的一頁,但戰爭武器的先進卻也意味著更多無辜將被快速犧牲,也因為如此,他的成就在歷史上備受爭議,以下五件事帶你了解他:

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1. 生於富裕猶太家庭

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(Original Caption) 6/3/1954-Princeton, NJ: Portrait of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer in his office at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton.
Above (Original Caption) 6/3/1954-Princeton, NJ: Portrait of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer in his office at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton.
(Original Caption) 6/3/1954-Princeton, NJ: Portrait of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer in his office at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton.

朱利葉斯·羅伯特·奧本海默出生於 1904 年 4 月 22 日,歿於 1967 年 2 月 18 日,享年 62 歲。他生於長於美國的富裕猶太家庭,其父親原籍德國,在 1888 年時移民美國,在一家紡織工廠從事初階工作,卻在 10 年內坐到該公司總裁的位子,因此,朱利葉斯是在經濟優渥的家庭中長大的,其母親是一名藝術家,也因為如此,他們的家中有不少名畫收藏,其中不乏畢卡索和梵谷的名作。

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2. 曾就讀哈佛、劍橋

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Scene from the See It Now television program which aired from 1951-1958.
Above Scene from the See It Now television program which aired from 1951-1958.
Scene from the See It Now television program which aired from 1951-1958.

朱利葉斯和他的弟弟弗蘭克皆對物理學表現出天份與興趣,而朱利葉斯在 18 歲時就進入哈佛大學,主修化學,三年後便以優秀的成績畢業,到了 1942 年,他進入劍橋大學修習,性格孤僻的他,在歐洲求學期間常與同儕出現衝突,對於與身邊的人一直處於不和諧關係的他,對自己的弟弟曾表示過:「比起朋友,我更需要的是物理。」由此可見他對專業領域的投入與天賦,他也在量子電動力學、核物學、光譜學有不少貢獻。

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3. 參與曼哈頓計劃

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American physicist Dr. Robert Oppenheimer (1904 - 1967), points to a picture of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki, Japan, as scientist Henry D. Smyth (1898 - 1986) (second left), major General Kenneth D. Nichols (1907 - 2000) (second right), and scientist Glenn Seaborg (1912 - 1999) look on, 1940s. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Above American physicist Dr. Robert Oppenheimer (1904 - 1967), points to a picture of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki, Japan, as scientist Henry D. Smyth (1898 - 1986) (second left), major General Kenneth D. Nichols (1907 - 2000) (second right), and scientist Glenn Seaborg (1912 - 1999) look on, 1940s. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
American physicist Dr. Robert Oppenheimer (1904 - 1967), points to a picture of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki, Japan, as scientist Henry D. Smyth (1898 - 1986) (second left), major General Kenneth D. Nichols (1907 - 2000) (second right), and scientist Glenn Seaborg (1912 - 1999) look on, 1940s. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)

什麼是曼哈頓計劃?簡單來說,就是第二次世界大戰時,美國總統富蘭克林授權研發原子彈。在當時來說,朱利葉斯在物理學的造詣可以說是無人能望其項背,但卻因為他沒有得過諾貝爾物理學獎,無法服眾,但是,他依然被任命為秘密武器實驗室主任。在研發過程中困難重重,甚至連是否會成功都是受到質疑的。1945 年,原子彈的誕生,它被用於轟炸日本,雖然這意味著快速結束戰爭,但死傷慘重,對日本國土、環境也造及不可抹滅的傷害。

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4. 好友回絕共同研發原子彈

朱利葉斯從求學到工作一直都是全身心的投入專業領域,同時也因為個性較孤僻,朋友並不多,而萊納斯·鮑林是他為數不多的好朋友,兩人在研究化學鍵的本質上有著共鳴,在朱利葉斯加入曼哈頓計劃時,曾問萊納斯是否願意化學部主任,但深知這個計畫本質的他,以「我是一個和平主義者」回絕了,這也讓兩人的友誼漸行漸遠。

 

5. 傳記電影《歐本海默》2023年上映

關於「原子彈之父」的一生的傳記電影《奧本海默》(Oppenheimer)由席尼墨菲(Cillian Murphy)主演,從官方釋出的海報可以看得出來,他神還原朱利葉斯的神韻和氣質,這也讓想要深入了解這位科學家的人更加期待該作品的上映。

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