Behind the locked doors: the ritual, history and drama of the papal conclave

Before the conclave begins, the College of Cardinals holds general congregations to discuss the needs of the Church and potential candidates. On the day of the conclave, the cardinals process into the Sistine Chapel, where they take an oath of secrecy. All forms of communication with the outside world are cut off; even electronic devices are surrendered. The Vatican employs signal-jamming technology to ensure confidentiality.

Voting commences with one ballot on the first afternoon, followed by four ballots each subsequent day—two in the morning and two in the afternoon. A two-thirds majority is required to elect a new pope. After each round, the ballots are burned: black smoke indicates no decision, while white smoke signals that a new pope has been chosen.

In the wake of Pope Francis's death on April 21, 2025, the Church initiated the conclave process. On May 7, 133 cardinal electors—those under the age of 80—entered the Sistine Chapel to begin the election of the 267th pope. This assembly is the largest in history, reflecting the global nature of the Church, with cardinals hailing from 70 countries.

The conclave commences with the “Extra Omnes” command, expelling all non-essential personnel from the chapel. Cardinals swear an oath of secrecy and surrender all communication devices. The Vatican employs signal jamming to prevent any information leaks.

Voting begins with one session on the first day, followed by up to four ballots daily—two in the morning and two in the afternoon. A two-thirds majority, currently 89 votes, is required to elect a new pope. Ballots are burned after each session; black smoke indicates no decision, while white smoke signals a successful election. Since 2005, chemicals have been added to ensure the smoke’s colour is unmistakable. 

While modern conclaves often conclude within a few days, history records some protracted and contentious elections. The 1268–1271 conclave in Viterbo lasted nearly three years, prompting local authorities to lock the cardinals in and even reduce their food rations to expedite a decision. Such episodes led to the formalisation of conclave procedures to prevent undue delays.

In contrast, recent conclaves have been more efficient. Pope Francis was elected in 2013 after just five ballots. However, the 2025 conclave presents new complexities. With a record number of electors, many of whom were appointed by Francis and may not be well-acquainted with one another, the process could be lengthier. Observers note that the diversity within the College of Cardinals may lead to extended deliberations as consensus is sought.

Related: Meet the Filipino cardinals who will elect—and could become—the next pope

The 2025 conclave presents unique challenges. Pope Francis’s extensive appointments have diversified the College of Cardinals, introducing members who may be unfamiliar with one another. This diversity, while enriching, could prolong deliberations.

Key issues facing the Church include governance reform, addressing sexual abuse scandals, international diplomacy and evolving doctrines on sexuality and inclusion. The new pope will need to navigate these complex matters while uniting a global congregation. 

Despite the conclave’s strict confidentiality, the modern world finds ways to engage. Social media platforms like Tiktok have become arenas for speculation, satire and even fan-made content about potential papal candidates. Filipino Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle, known affectionately as “Chito”, has garnered significant attention online, with admirers highlighting his charisma and progressive views. This digital engagement reflects a broader trend of blending ancient rituals with contemporary culture.

The election of a new pope is not merely an internal Church affair; it has global implications. The pope serves as a spiritual leader to over a billion Catholics worldwide and holds considerable influence on international issues, from social justice to diplomacy. The conclave, therefore, is a moment of profound importance, symbolising both continuity and potential change within the Church.

When a candidate accepts the papacy, he chooses a papal name, and the senior cardinal deacon announces “Habemus Papam” (“We have a pope”) from the balcony of St Peter’s Basilica. The new pope then appears to bless the faithful, marking the beginning of his pontificate.

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